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Ukadaulo wosindikizira wa 3D wasintha kupanga m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, ndipo chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri ndikutha kusindikiza ndi titaniyamu. Chitsulo chopepukachi koma cholimba kwambiri chapeza ntchito muzamlengalenga, zamankhwala, ndi magalimoto. Koma ndi mphamvu bwanji 3D yosindikizidwa titaniyamu? Mu positi iyi yabulogu, tiwona mphamvu ya titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D, momwe imagwirira ntchito, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza momwe imagwirira ntchito.

Ubwino wa 3D wosindikizidwa wa titaniyamu ndi uti kuposa njira zopangira zakale?

3D kusindikiza titaniyamu, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti yopangira zowonjezera, imapereka maubwino angapo kuposa njira zachikhalidwe zopangira. Zopindulitsa izi zapangitsa kuti achuluke kutengera m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'magawo oyendetsa ndege, azachipatala, ndi magalimoto.

Chimodzi mwazabwino zazikulu za 3D yosindikiza titaniyamu ndikutha kupanga ma geometries ovuta omwe angakhale ovuta kapena osatheka kuti akwaniritse ndi njira zanthawi zonse zopangira. Ufulu wamapangidwe awa umalola mainjiniya ndi opanga kukhathamiritsa magawo kuti azigwira ntchito zinazake, kuchepetsa kulemera kwinaku akusunga kapena kuwongolera mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, m'makampani opanga ndege, zida za 3D zosindikizidwa za titaniyamu zitha kupangidwa ndi zida zamkati zomwe zimachepetsa kulemera popanda kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwadongosolo.

Ubwino wina waukulu ndi kuchepetsa kuwononga zinthu. Njira zachikale zopangira mphero, monga mphero kapena kutembenuza, nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri zitayidwe ngati nyenyeswa. Mosiyana ndi izi, titaniyamu yosindikizira ya 3D imapanga zigawo zosanjikiza ndi zosanjikiza, pogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zokhazokha pomaliza. Izi sizingochepetsa zinyalala komanso zimachepetsa ndalama zopangira, makamaka pogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zodula monga titaniyamu.

Titaniyamu yosindikiza ya 3D imathandizanso kupanga ma prototyping mwachangu komanso kupanga tinthu tating'ono. Njira zopangira zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna nthawi yayitali yokhazikitsira komanso ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zida, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisakhale zotsika mtengo pakupanga zing'onozing'ono kapena magawo amodzi. Ndi makina osindikizira a 3D, opanga amatha kubwereza mwachangu mapangidwe, kupanga ma prototypes, ngakhale kupanga timagulu tating'ono tazigawo zokhazikika popanda kufunikira kwa zida zodula kapena nkhungu.

Kutha kuphatikiza magawo angapo kukhala gawo limodzi, lovuta kwambiri ndi mwayi wina wa titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D. Kuphatikizika kwa gawoli kumatha kupangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito aziyenda bwino, kuchepetsa nthawi yosonkhana, komanso kulephera kwadongosolo mudongosolo. Mwachitsanzo, m'makampani opangira magalimoto, zida zotulutsa zovuta zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafunikira magawo angapo ndi kuwotcherera zitha kupangidwa ngati chidutswa chimodzi chokometsedwa.

Pomaliza, 3D kusindikiza titaniyamu amalola kupanga pofunidwa ndikuchepetsa mtengo wazinthu. Makampani amatha kupanga zida ngati zikufunika, m'malo mosunga zida zazikulu zosinthira. Izi ndizopindulitsa makamaka m'mafakitale monga zamlengalenga, komwe kusunga zinthu zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri koma zida zofunikira zimatha kukhala zodula.

Kodi mphamvu ya titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D ikuyerekeza bwanji ndi titaniyamu yopangidwa kale?

Kulimba kwa titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D ndi mutu wochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso kafukufuku wopitilira muzinthu zasayansi ndi uinjiniya. Poyerekeza mphamvu ya titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D ndi titaniyamu yomwe imapangidwa kale, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimagwira ntchito, kuphatikiza aloyi ya titaniyamu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, njira yosindikizira ya 3D yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso chithandizo chamankhwala pambuyo pokonza.

Nthawi zambiri, titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D imatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zofananira kapena zopambana kuposa zomwe zimapangidwira titaniyamu m'mapulogalamu ambiri. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono komanso makina opangidwa ndi 3D osindikizidwa titaniyamu amatha kusiyana ndi a titaniyamu omwe amapangidwa mwachizolowezi.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi titaniyamu pakusindikiza kwa 3D ndi Ti-6Al-4V, yomwe imadziwika ndi chiŵerengero chake champhamvu ndi kulemera kwake komanso kukana dzimbiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti 3D yosindikizidwa Ti-6Al-4V akhoza kukwaniritsa ofanana kapena apamwamba zokolola mphamvu ndi mtheradi kumakanika mphamvu poyerekeza anagwira Ti-6Al-4V. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza mphamvu zokolola za 3D yosindikizidwa ya Ti-6Al-4V yoposa 1000 MPa, yomwe ingafanane kapena yapamwamba kuposa momwe Ti-6Al-4V imayendera.

Komabe, kutopa katundu wa 3D yosindikizidwa titaniyamu Nthawi zina imatha kukhala yotsika poyerekeza ndi ya titaniyamu yomwe idapangidwa kale. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zolakwika zamkati, monga pores kapena kusowa kwa malo osakanikirana, omwe amatha kukhala ochepetsetsa nkhawa ndikuyambitsa ming'alu ya kutopa. Komabe, njira zingapo zosinthira pambuyo pokonza, monga kutentha kwa isostatic (HIP) ndi chithandizo cha kutentha, zitha kupititsa patsogolo kutopa kwa magawo a titaniyamu osindikizidwa a 3D.

Chikhalidwe cha wosanjikiza-ndi-wosanjikiza cha njira yosindikizira ya 3D chikhoza kubweretsa katundu wa anisotropic, kutanthauza kuti mphamvu ndi zina zamakina zimasiyana malinga ndi njira yomanga. Anisotropy iyi nthawi zambiri sichidziwika bwino mu titaniyamu yopangidwa kale. Komabe, kuwongolera mosamalitsa magawo osindikizira ndi kukonzanso pambuyo pake kungathandize kuchepetsa kusiyana kwamayendedwe awa.

Dera limodzi lomwe titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D nthawi zambiri imakhala yabwino kwambiri ndikutha kukwaniritsa ma microstructures abwino kwambiri kuposa njira zachikhalidwe zopangira. Miyezo yolimba yofulumira mumayendedwe osindikizira a 3D imatha kutsogolera kuzinthu zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zingathandize kukulitsa mphamvu ndi ductility. Kafukufuku wina wanena kuti titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D imatha kukwanitsa kukula kwambewu mocheperako poyerekeza ndi titaniyamu yopangidwa mwachizolowezi.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mphamvu ya titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D imatha kudalira kwambiri njira yosindikizira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), ndi Directed Energy Deposition (DED). Iliyonse mwa njirazi imatha kupanga ma microstructures ndi katundu wosiyana pang'ono, ndipo kafukufuku wopitilira amayang'ana kwambiri kukhathamiritsa njirazi kuti akwaniritse makina abwino kwambiri.

Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza kulimba kwa magawo a titaniyamu osindikizidwa a 3D?

Mphamvu ya 3D yosindikizidwa magawo a titaniyamu imakhudzidwa ndi kuyanjana kovutirapo kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamikhalidwe yazinthu zopangira kutengera momwe zimasindikizira komanso kukonzanso pambuyo pokonza. Kumvetsetsa zinthu izi ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga titaniyamu zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zamphamvu kwambiri popanga zowonjezera.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya 3D yosindikizidwa titaniyamu ndi khalidwe la ufa feedstock. The tinthu kukula kugawa, mawonekedwe, ndi chiyero cha titaniyamu ufa zingakhudze kwambiri kachulukidwe gawo lomaliza ndi microstructure. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timapangitsa kuti tizitha kuyenda bwino komanso kachulukidwe kazinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizigawo tokhala ndi zolakwika zochepa komanso mphamvu zambiri.

Magawo osindikizira a 3D amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pozindikira mphamvu ya gawo lomaliza. Magawo awa akuphatikiza mphamvu ya laser, kuthamanga kwa scan, makulidwe osanjikiza, ndi malo otsetsereka pamachitidwe otengera laser monga Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa ku bedi la ufa, zomwe ndi ntchito ya magawowa, zimakhudza kusintha kwa madzi osungunuka, kulimbitsa mphamvu, ndipo pamapeto pake microstructure ya gawo losindikizidwa. Kuwongolera magawowa ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse kachulukidwe kwambiri ndikuchepetsa zolakwika zomwe zitha kusokoneza mphamvu.

Kumangirira kwa gawo panthawi yosindikiza kungakhudzenso mphamvu zake chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha anisotropic cha ndondomeko yomanga yosanjikiza. Zigawo zosindikizidwa molunjika zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimasindikizidwa mopingasa. Anisotropy iyi nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa m'magawo omwe amasindikizidwa ndipo imatha kuchepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyenera pambuyo pokonza.

Kuwongolera kutentha panthawi yosindikiza ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri. Kutentha kofulumira ndi kuzizira kungayambitse kupsinjika kotsalira mu gawo losindikizidwa, zomwe zingakhudze mphamvu zake ndi kulondola kwake. Makina osindikizira ena a 3D amaphatikiza zipinda zomangira zotenthetsera kapena zochizira kutentha kwa in-situ kuti zithandizire kuthana ndi kupsinjika kwa kutenthaku.

Zochizira pambuyo pokonza zitha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu za magawo a titaniyamu osindikizidwa a 3D. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuthetsa porosity yamkati ndikuwongolera kachulukidwe ka magawo osindikizidwa. Zochizira kutentha zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhathamiritsa ma microstructure ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika kotsalira. Thandizo lapamtunda monga kuwomberedwa kapena kupanga makina amatha kukonza kutha kwa pamwamba ndikuyambitsa kupsinjika kopindulitsa pamwamba, kumathandizira kutopa.

Aloyi ya titaniyamu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imakhudzanso kulimba kwa magawo osindikizidwa a 3D. Ngakhale kuti Ti-6Al-4V ndi aloyi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posindikiza za 3D, ma alloy ena monga Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) kapena nyimbo zachilendo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina zomwe zimafuna mbiri ya katundu.

Zinthu zachilengedwe panthawi yosindikiza, monga kukhalapo kwa mpweya kapena nayitrogeni m'chipinda chomanga, zingakhudze ubwino ndi mphamvu za magawo osindikizidwa. Titaniyamu imagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi zinthu izi pa kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zingayambitse kuphulika. Chifukwa chake, kukhalabe ndi chiyero chaukhondo kwambiri panthawi yosindikiza ndikofunikira kuti pakhale zida zamphamvu kwambiri.

Pomaliza, geometry ndi kapangidwe ka gawolo palokha zimatha kukhudza mphamvu zake. Kusindikiza kwa 3D kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zopangira zovuta zamkati ndi zolemba zapamwamba zomwe zimatha kulimbitsa mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kulemera. Komabe, zinthu zina monga ma overhangs kapena makoma opyapyala angafunike zida zothandizira panthawi yosindikiza, zomwe zingakhudze mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso mphamvu ya gawolo.

Pomaliza, 3D yosindikizidwa titaniyamu zatsimikizira kukhala zamphamvu modabwitsa komanso zosunthika, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zofananira komanso nthawi zina zamphamvu kuposa titaniyamu yopangidwa kale. Ubwino wake wapadera pankhani yaufulu wamapangidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu, komanso kuthekera koyeserera mwachangu kwapangitsa kuti ikhale chida chamtengo wapatali m'mafakitale omwe amafunikira zida zapamwamba, zopepuka. Ngakhale zovuta zikadali pakukhathamiritsa magawo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino, kafukufuku wopitilira ndi chitukuko zikupitilizabe kupitilira zomwe zingatheke ndi titaniyamu yosindikizidwa ya 3D. Pamene kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu zake kukukula, momwemonso luso lathu logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse za njira yosinthirayi.

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