chidziwitso

Tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) atenga chidwi kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zinthu zawo zapadera. Ma alloys awa, opangidwa makamaka ndi tungsten okhala ndi zitsulo zina zazing'ono, amapereka kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa kachulukidwe, mphamvu, ndi ductility. Mipiringidzo ya Tungsten heavy alloy ndi ndodo zimafunidwa makamaka m'mafakitale kuyambira zakuthambo kupita ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya, komwe mawonekedwe ake enieni amatsimikizira kukhala ofunikira. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka ma aloyiwa ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya ndi opanga omwe akuyang'ana kuti agwiritse ntchito zomwe angathe pakufunsira.

Kodi mipiringidzo ya tungsten heavy alloy mipiringidzo ndi yotani?

Mipiringidzo ya Tungsten heavy alloy nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa tungsten, nthawi zambiri kuyambira 90% mpaka 97% polemera. 3% mpaka 10% yotsalayo imapangidwa ndi zitsulo zina, makamaka faifi tambala ndi chitsulo, ngakhale mkuwa, cobalt, kapena molybdenum zitha kupezekanso pang'ono. Mawerengedwe enieni amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera momwe akugwiritsira ntchito komanso zomwe mukufuna.

Zomwe zimapangidwira pazitsulo za tungsten heavy alloy ndi 90% tungsten, 7% nickel, ndi 3% iron, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa 90W-7Ni-3Fe. Chiŵerengerochi chimayang'anira kachulukidwe kakang'ono koperekedwa ndi tungsten ndi kukhazikika kwabwino komanso kuthekera koperekedwa ndi matrix achitsulo cha nickel-iron. Komabe, nyimbo zina monga 93W-5Ni-2Fe kapena 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mobwerezabwereza, iliyonse ikupereka mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono.

Zomwe zili mu nickel mu ma aloyiwa zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zosavuta komanso zolimba. Zimagwira ntchito ngati zomangira, zomwe zimathandiza kugwirizanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta tungsten ndikuwongolera kukhulupirika kwathunthu kwa aloyi. Iron, kumbali ina, imathandizira kuti alloy ikhale yamphamvu komanso yolimba.

Muzinthu zina zapadera, zinthu zina zazing'ono zitha kuwonjezeredwa kupititsa patsogolo mawonekedwe a alloy. Mwachitsanzo, rhenium ikhoza kuphatikizidwa kuti iwonjezere mphamvu yotentha kwambiri, kapena molybdenum kuti ikhale yolimba kuti isawonongeke. Zowonjezera izi, komabe, zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zosakwana 1%.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa kalembedwe kumatha kukhudza kwambiri zinthu zomaliza za tungsten heavy alloy mipiringidzo. Ma tungsten apamwamba nthawi zambiri amapangitsa kuti kachulukidwe kachuluke komanso kuteteza ma radiation koma achepetse kukhazikika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuchuluka kwa faifi tambala ndi chitsulo kumatha kusintha machinability ndi ductility koma pamtengo wa kachulukidwe. Choncho, kusankhidwa kwa chiŵerengero choyenera cha kamangidwe ndikofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga, kugwirizanitsa zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi kapangidwe kake kamakhudza bwanji zinthu za tungsten heavy alloy ndodo?

Kapangidwe ka ndodo za tungsten heavy alloy zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuzindikiritsa thupi, makina, ndi mankhwala. Kumvetsetsa ubalewu ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya ndi asayansi azinthu posankha kapena kupanga ma aloyi kuti agwiritse ntchito.

Kachulukidwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Tungsten yoyera imakhala ndi kachulukidwe pafupifupi 19.3 g/cm³, yomwe ili m'gulu lazitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri. Pamene kuchuluka kwa tungsten mu aloyi kumawonjezeka, momwemonso kachulukidwe kake ka ndodo. Mwachitsanzo, aloyi ya 90W-7Ni-3Fe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kozungulira 17 g/cm³, pomwe 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe aloyi imatha kufikira 18.5 g/cm³. Izi mkulu kachulukidwe zimapangitsa tungsten heavy alloy ndodo yabwino pamapulogalamu ofunikira kulemera kapena kusanja, monga zofananira muzamlengalenga kapena zotchingira ma radiation pazida zamankhwala.

The makina katundu wa aloyi ndi kwambiri kukhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe ake. Ngakhale tungsten yokha ndi yolimba kwambiri komanso yamphamvu, imatha kukhala yolimba. Kuphatikizika kwa faifi tambala ndi chitsulo kumapanga matrix ochulukirapo omwe amagwirizira tinthu tating'ono ta tungsten, ndikupangitsa kulimba komanso kutheka kwa alloy. Kuchuluka kwa nickel nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuchulukira kwa ductility komanso kukana kwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, aloyi yokhala ndi faifi 7% imakhala ndi mphamvu zotalikirapo kuposa yomwe ili ndi nickel 3.5% yokha.

Mphamvu ndi kuuma zimadaliranso kapangidwe kake. Ngakhale kuti tungsten yapamwamba imapereka mphamvu zabwino kwambiri, zikhalidwe zenizeni zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo kumatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zolimba komanso zokolola. Ma aloyi ena olemera a tungsten amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zolimba zopitilira 1000 MPa, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kupsinjika kwambiri.

Kutentha kwa tungsten heavy alloy ndodo ndi gawo lina lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Tungsten ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri (3422 ° C), ndipo pamene ma alloyine amatsitsa izi pang'ono, ma WHA amasungabe ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotentha kwambiri. Kukula kwa matenthedwe kokwanira kwa ma aloyiwa ndikocheperako, komwe kumakhala kopindulitsa pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kukhazikika kwa dimensional pansi pa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha.

Kulimbana ndi dzimbiri ndi chinthu china chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Ngakhale tungsten palokha imakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri, kuwonjezera kwa faifi tambala ndi chitsulo nthawi zina kumatha kuchepetsa katunduyu. Komabe, nthawi zina, zowonjezera zazing'ono za zinthu monga chromium kapena molybdenum zitha kupangidwa kuti zithandizire kukana dzimbiri kwamadera ena.

Mphamvu zamagetsi ndi maginito za tungsten heavy alloy ndodo zimasiyananso ndi kapangidwe. Tungsten yoyera ndiyokonda magetsi, koma kuwonjezera kwa ma alloying zinthu kumawonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi. Mphamvu ya maginito imatha kusinthidwa posintha kuchuluka kwa faifi tambala ndi chitsulo, ndi nyimbo zina zowonetsa machitidwe a ferromagnetic.

Pomaliza, mphamvu yoteteza ma radiation ya ma aloyiwa imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kachulukidwe kawo, chifukwa chake, zomwe zili ndi tungsten. Maperesenti apamwamba a tungsten amateteza bwino ma X-ray ndi ma radiation a gamma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma alloys okhala ndi tungsten apamwamba azikondedwa pazachipatala ndi zida zanyukiliya.

Pomaliza, zikuchokera tungsten heavy alloy ndodo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimasankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katundu. Posintha mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwa tungsten, faifi tambala, chitsulo, ndi zinthu zina zazing'ono, opanga amatha kupanga ma aloyi okhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera opangidwa kuti akwaniritse zofuna zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta.

Ndi njira ziti zopangira ma tungsten heavy alloy mipiringidzo ndi ndodo?

Kupanga mipiringidzo ya tungsten heavy alloy ndi ndodo kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zovuta zomwe zimafunikira kulondola komanso ukadaulo. Kusankha njira yopangira zinthu kumatha kukhudza kwambiri zinthu zomaliza za alloy, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kumvetsetsa ndikuwongolera njirazi.

Njira yayikulu yopangira ma tungsten heavy alloy mipiringidzo ndi ndodo ndi zitsulo za ufa. Njirayi imayamba ndi kusankha mosamala ndikukonzekera zipangizo. Ufa wa tungsten wapamwamba kwambiri umasakanizidwa ndi ufa wa faifi tambala, chitsulo, ndi zinthu zina zilizonse zophatikizika mwatsatanetsatane. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono ndi kugawa kwamafutawa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza zomaliza za aloyi.

Ufawo ukasakanizidwa bwino, umakhala ndi njira yotchedwa cold isostatic pressing (CIP). Mu sitepe iyi, ufa wosakaniza umayikidwa mu nkhungu yosinthika ndikukhala ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu kuchokera kumbali zonse. Izi zimaphatikizira ufawo kukhala thupi lobiriwira, lomwe limakhala ndi mawonekedwe omaliza a chinthu chomaliza koma chopanda mphamvu ndi kachulukidwe.

Chotsatira chofunika kwambiri ndi sintering. Thupi lobiriwira limatenthedwa ndi kutentha komwe kumayambira 1400 ° C mpaka 1500 ° C mumlengalenga wolamulidwa, nthawi zambiri hydrogen kapena vacuum. Panthawi ya sintering, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalumikizana, ndipo alloy imayamba kuchulukirachulukira. Nickel ndi chitsulo zimasungunuka, ndikupanga gawo lamadzimadzi lomwe limazungulira tinthu tating'ono ta tungsten. Izi madzi gawo amalimbikitsa rearrangement ndi kuvunda-reprecipitation wa tungsten particles, zikubweretsa kachulukidwe zina.

Pambuyo pa sintering, aloyiyo amachitira mankhwala angapo a thermomechanical kuti apititse patsogolo katundu wake. Izi zingaphatikizepo kutentha kwa isostatic pressing (HIP), komwe kumagwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi kupanikizika nthawi imodzi kuti athetse porosity iliyonse yotsala ndikuwongolera kachulukidwe ka aloyi ndi makina ake.

Kwa mipiringidzo ndi ndodo, njira zowonjezera zowonjezera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Extrusion ndi njira yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zazitali, zofananira. Pochita izi, alloy sintered amakakamizika kudzera mukufa kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndodo kapena ndodo wandiweyani.

Swaging ndi njira ina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tungsten heavy alloy ndodo. Izi zimaphatikizapo kumenyetsa zinthu mobwerezabwereza kuzungulira kuzungulira kwake, kuchepetsa m'mimba mwake ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwake. Kuthamanga kumatha kupititsa patsogolo makina a alloy ndikupanga mawonekedwe ofananirako.

Kuchiza kutentha ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga. Zimakhudzanso chithandizo chamankhwala chotsatiridwa ndi kukalamba. The njira mankhwala, anachita pa kutentha, homogenizes ndi microstructure ndi dissolves iliyonse precipitates. Ukalamba wotsatira, womwe umachitika pa kutentha kochepa, umalola kuti mpweya ukhale wokhazikika wa magawo olimbikitsa, kupititsa patsogolo makina a alloy.

Kumaliza pamwamba ndi sitepe yomaliza pakupanga. Kutengera ndikugwiritsa ntchito, mipiringidzo ya tungsten heavy alloy ndi ndodo zimatha kupukutidwa, kupukuta, kapena zokutira kuti zikwaniritse zomwe mukufuna.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti njira yopangira ikhoza kupangidwa kuti ipange mipiringidzo ndi ndodo zomwe zili ndi katundu wina. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwa sintering ndi nthawi zitha kusinthidwa kuti ziwongolere kukula kwambewu, zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya alloy ndi ductility. Mofananamo, kuchuluka kwa kuzizira pambuyo pa sintering kungakhudze kugawa kwa magawo mkati mwa alloy.

Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwaukadaulo wopanga kwapangitsa kuti afufuze njira zopangira zowonjezera (zosindikiza za 3D) za ma tungsten heavy alloys. Zikadali m'magawo otukuka, njirazi zikuwonetsa lonjezo lopanga ma geometries ovuta komanso nyimbo zosinthidwa makonda zomwe zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopangira.

Pomaliza, kupanga mipiringidzo ya tungsten heavy alloy ndi ndodo ndi njira yotsogola yomwe imafuna kumvetsetsa kwakuzama kwa sayansi ndi uinjiniya. Poyang'anira mosamala gawo lililonse la kupanga, kuyambira pokonzekera ufa mpaka kumaliza komaliza, opanga amatha kupanga ma alloys okhala ndi zida zofananira bwino kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pazantchito zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba.

Kutsiliza

Mapangidwe ndi kupanga kwa tungsten heavy alloy mipiringidzo ndi ndodo zimalumikizidwa mwapakatikati, palimodzi kuzindikira zomaliza ndi magwiridwe antchito azinthu zodabwitsazi. Kuchokera pakuchulukirachulukira kwawo komanso mphamvu zawo mpaka kutha kuteteza ma radiation, ma aloyi olemera a tungsten akupitilizabe kupeza zatsopano komanso zatsopano m'mafakitale ambiri. Pamene kafukufuku wa sayansi ya zinthu akupita patsogolo, titha kuyembekezera kuwona kukonzanso kowonjezera muzolemba za aloyi ndi njira zopangira, zomwe zitha kutsegulira luso lazinthu zosunthika izi. Kaya mumlengalenga, ntchito zankhondo, kapena ukadaulo wamankhwala, tungsten heavy alloy mipiringidzo ndipo ndodo zimakhalabe patsogolo pa zipangizo zamakono, kuyendetsa patsogolo ndikuthandizira kupindula kwatsopano zamakono.

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