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Titaniyamu machubu opangidwa molingana ndi miyezo ya ASTM B338 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwamphamvu ndi kulemera, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kuyanjana kwachilengedwe. Machubuwa amakhudzidwa ndi kulolerana kwapadera kuti atsimikizire kusasinthika komanso kudalirika pazogwiritsa ntchito. Kumvetsetsa kulolerana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya, opanga, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kuti awonetsetse kuti machubu a titaniyamu akukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna kuti agwiritse ntchito.

Kodi kulolerana kotani kwa machubu a ASTM B338 titaniyamu ndi ati?

ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu amaloledwa kulolerana mozama kuti atsimikizire kusasinthika ndi kudalirika pakuchita kwawo. Kulekerera uku kumakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za geometry ya chubu, kuphatikizapo m'mimba mwake, makulidwe a khoma, ndi kutalika.

Kulekerera Kwa Diameter Kunja:

Kulekerera kwakunja kwa machubu a ASTM B338 titaniyamu kumasiyanasiyana kutengera kukula kwachubu. Kwa machubu okhala ndi mainchesi akunja mpaka mainchesi 1.5 (38.1 mm), kulolerana kumakhala ± 0.004 mainchesi (± 0.1 mm). Kwa mainchesi akuluakulu, kulolerana kumatha kuwonjezeka molingana. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kulolerana uku kutha kulumikizidwa kuzinthu zina zomwe zimafunikira miyeso yolondola kwambiri.

Kulekerera Kwamakoma:

Kulekerera makulidwe a khoma ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti machubu a titaniyamu akhazikika komanso magwiridwe antchito. ASTM B338 imanena kuti kulolerana kwa makulidwe a khoma kwa machubu opanda msoko a titaniyamu kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 10% ya makulidwe omwe amatchedwa khoma. Kulekerera uku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pang'ono pakupanga ndikusungabe mawonekedwe a chubu chonse.

Kulekerera Kwautali:

Kutalika kwa machubu a ASTM B338 titaniyamu kumatengera kutalika kwake komanso njira yopangira. Kwa utali wodulidwa, kulolerana kofanana ndi ± 0.125 mainchesi (± 3.2 mm) kwa machubu mpaka 8 mapazi (2.44 m) kutalika. Kwa machubu aatali kapena omwe ali ndi zofunikira zolimba, kulolerana kwapadera kungagwirizane pakati pa wopanga ndi wogula.

Kulekerera Kuwongoka:

Kuwongoka ndi gawo lina lofunikira la titaniyamu machubu. ASTM B338 imanena kuti kupatuka kwakukulu kuchokera pakuwongoka sikuyenera kupitirira mainchesi 0.010 pa phazi lozungulira (0.83 mm pa mita) ya kutalika kwa chubu. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti machubu amasunga mawonekedwe awo omwe akufuna ndipo amatha kukhazikitsidwa mosavuta kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kulekerera kwa Ovality:

Ovality, kapena kusiyana pakati pa ma diameter akunja ndi ocheperako pamagawo aliwonse am'mbali, kumakhalanso ndi kulolerana. Kwa machubu ambiri a ASTM B338 titaniyamu, kuchuluka kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kumakhala 1.5% ya mainchesi akunja omwe atchulidwa. Kulekerera kumeneku kumathandiza kuti chubu likhale lozungulira, lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri pamagwiritsidwe ntchito ambiri, makamaka omwe amakhudza kuyenda kwamadzimadzi kapena kuyika bwino.

Kodi kulolerana kwazinthu kumakhudza bwanji machubu a ASTM B338 titanium?

Zida zikuchokera ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuzindikira mawonekedwe awo amakanika, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso magwiridwe antchito onse. Muyezowu umatchula kulolerana kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zophatikizika ndi zonyansa kuti zitsimikizire kusasinthika kwazinthuzo.

Makalasi a Titanium ndi Mapangidwe:

ASTM B338 imakhala ndi magiredi angapo a titaniyamu, kuphatikiza Giredi 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, ndi Grade 4 ya titaniyamu yoyera yamalonda, komanso Giredi 7, Grade 9, ndi Giredi 11 ya titaniyamu yosakanikirana. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi zofunikira zenizeni za kapangidwe kake ndi kulolerana kwa zinthu za alloying ndi zonyansa.

Mwachitsanzo, giredi 2 titaniyamu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zambiri, ili ndi kulolerana kotsatiraku:

• Titaniyamu: Balance (osachepera 98.905%)
• Mpweya: 0.10% pazipita
• Chitsulo: 0.30% pazipita
• Oxygen: 0.25% pazipita
• Nayitrogeni: 0.03% pazipita
• Hyrojeni: 0.015% pazipita

Kulekerera uku kumapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhalebe ndi zomwe zimafunidwa ndikulola kuti pakhale kusiyana pang'ono pakupanga.

Zotsatira za Kulekerera kwa Mapangidwe:

Kulekerera kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kumatchulidwa mu ASTM B338 kumakhudza kwambiri momwe machubu a titaniyamu amagwirira ntchito:

1. Katundu Wamakina: Kusiyanasiyana pang'ono kwa ma alloying kungayambitse mphamvu, ductility, ndi kuuma kwa machubu a titaniyamu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni mkati mwa kulolerana komwe kumaloledwa kungayambitse kulimba koma kumachepetsa ductility.

2. Kusawonongeka kwa dzimbiri: Kuwongolera ndendende zonyansa, makamaka chitsulo, ndikofunikira kuti machubu a titaniyamu asachite dzimbiri. Kuchuluka kwachitsulo, ngakhale mkati mwa kulolera komwe kwatchulidwa, kumatha kuchepetsa pang'ono kukana kwazinthu kumadera ena akuwononga.

3. Weldability: The zikuchokera kulolerana kumathandizanso weldability wa titaniyamu machubu. Kuwongolera kolimba kwa zinthu monga mpweya ndi nayitrogeni kumapangitsa kuti kuwotcherera bwino komanso kumachepetsa chiopsezo chomangika m'malo olumikizirana.

4. Biocompatibility: Pazofunsira zamankhwala, kutsatira mosamalitsa kulekerera kwamagulu ndikofunikira kuti mukhalebe ndi biocompatibility ya titaniyamu machubu. Ngakhale kusiyana kwakung'ono kwa zonyansa kungakhudze kugwirizana kwa zinthuzo ndi minofu yachilengedwe.

5. Kuyankha kwa Chithandizo cha Kutentha: Kulekerera kwapangidwe kumakhudzanso momwe machubu a titaniyamu amayankhira njira zochizira kutentha. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pamakalasi a alloyed omwe amatha kuthandizidwa ndi kutentha kuti akwaniritse zinthu zamakina.

6. Formability: The balance of alloying elements mkati mwa tolerances zomwe zatchulidwa zimakhudza mapangidwe a titaniyamu machubu. Izi ndizofunikira pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kupindika kapena kupanga zinthu zina panthawi yopanga kapena kukhazikitsa.

Opanga amayenera kuwongolera mosamalitsa njira zawo zopangira kuti awonetsetse kuti machubu a titaniyamu akukumana ndi kulolerana uku. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njira zapamwamba zosungunulira, njira zofananira ndi ma alloying, komanso njira zowongolera zowongolera nthawi yonse yopanga.

Kodi kulolerana kwazinthu zamakina kwa ASTM B338 titaniyamu chubu ndi chiyani?

Makina a ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Muyezowu umatchula zofunikira zochepa komanso kulolerana kwazinthu zazikulu zamakina kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwira ntchito mosasinthasintha komanso modalirika pamagawo osiyanasiyana opanga.

Kupirira Kwamphamvu Kwamphamvu:

Kulimba kwamphamvu ndi chinthu chofunikira pamakina chomwe chimawonetsa kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe chinthu chingathe kupirira chisanalephereke. Za ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu, mphamvu zamakokedwe zimasiyanasiyana kutengera kalasi:

• Kalasi 1: Ochepera 35,000 psi (240 MPa)
• Kalasi 2: Ochepera 50,000 psi (345 MPa)
• Kalasi 3: Ochepera 65,000 psi (450 MPa)
• Kalasi 4: Ochepera 80,000 psi (550 MPa)
• Kalasi 7: Ochepera 50,000 psi (345 MPa)
• Kalasi 9: Ochepera 90,000 psi (620 MPa)
• Kalasi 11: Ochepera 35,000 psi (240 MPa)

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti izi ndi zofunika zochepa, ndipo ma mtengo enieni angakhale apamwamba. Kulekerera kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumakhala kumbali yabwino, kutanthauza kuti mphamvu zenizeni zimatha kupitilira zomwe zimafunikira koma siziyenera kugwera pansi pake.

Kulekerera kwa Mphamvu Zokolola:

Mphamvu zokolola zimayimira kupsinjika komwe zinthu zimayamba kupunduka pulasitiki. ASTM B338 imatchula zofunikira zochepa za mphamvu zokolola pa giredi iliyonse ya titaniyamu:

• Kalasi 1: Ochepera 25,000 psi (170 MPa)
• Kalasi 2: Ochepera 40,000 psi (275 MPa)
• Kalasi 3: Ochepera 55,000 psi (380 MPa)
• Kalasi 4: Ochepera 70,000 psi (483 MPa)
• Kalasi 7: Ochepera 40,000 psi (275 MPa)
• Kalasi 9: Ochepera 70,000 psi (483 MPa)
• Kalasi 11: Ochepera 25,000 psi (170 MPa)

Monga momwe zilili ndi mphamvu zowonongeka, izi ndizofunika zochepa, ndipo zikhalidwe zenizeni zimatha kupitirira malirewa. Kulekerera kwa mphamvu zokolola kumakhalanso kumbali yabwino.

Elongation Tolerances:

Elongation ndi muyeso wa ductility wa chinthu ndipo amawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa utali chisanathyoke. ASTM B338 imatchula zofunikira zochepa zamachubu a titaniyamu:

• Gulu 1: Ochepera 24%
• Gulu 2: Ochepera 20%
• Gulu 3: Ochepera 18%
• Gulu 4: Ochepera 15%
• Gulu 7: Ochepera 20%
• Gulu 9: Ochepera 15%
• Gulu 11: Ochepera 24%

Ma elongation awa nthawi zambiri amayezedwa mopitilira muyeso wa 2-inch (50.8 mm). Kulekerera kwa elongation kulinso kumbali yabwino, kulola kuti pakhale ductility yapamwamba koma osati yocheperapo kuposa yomwe yatchulidwa.

Kupirira Kulimba:

Ngakhale sizimatchulidwa nthawi zonse mu ASTM B338, kuuma nthawi zambiri kumakhala chinthu chofunikira pamachubu a titaniyamu. Pakafunika, kuyeza kuuma kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito masikelo a Rockwell B kapena C. Kulekerera kwa kuuma nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ngati kusiyanasiyana m'malo mwa mtengo wocheperako, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa kupanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito akhazikika.

Zotsatira za Kulekerera kwa Katundu Wamakina:

The tolerances kwa makina katundu mu ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu ali ndi zofunikira zingapo:

1. Kusinthasintha Kwapangidwe: Zofunikira zochepa zimalola akatswiri kupanga ndi chidaliro, podziwa kuti zinthuzo zidzakwaniritsa kapena kupitirira zomwe zatchulidwa. Kulekerera kwabwino kumapereka chitetezo chowonjezera pazogwiritsa ntchito zambiri.

2. Kuwongolera Ubwino: Kulekerera kumeneku kumakhala ngati zizindikiro za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino, kuonetsetsa kuti gulu lililonse la titaniyamu likukumana ndi zofunikira lisanatulutsidwe kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito.

3. Kuthekera kwa Magwiridwe: Kusasinthika kwamakina mkati mwa kulolerana komwe kwatchulidwa kumalola kulosera kolondola kwambiri pazakhalidwe la zinthuzo pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yotsitsa ndi malo.

4. Kuyenerera kwa Ntchito: Magiredi osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi kulekerera kwawo kwazinthu zamakina amatengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito, kuchokera kumadera ocheperako omwe amafunikira kukana kwa dzimbiri kwamphamvu kwambiri pamafakitale apamlengalenga kapena m'madzi.

5. Zoganizira Zabodza: ​​Kumvetsetsa kulekerera kwazinthu kumakina ndikofunikira kwambiri pamachitidwe monga kuwotcherera, kupanga, ndi kupanga makina, chifukwa zinthuzi zimakhudza momwe zinthuzo zimagwirira ntchito kunjira zosiyanasiyana zopangira.

6. Kusanthula Kulephera: Muzochitika zosawerengeka za kulephera, kulolerana kwazinthu zamakina zomwe zatchulidwa kumapereka maziko ofufuzira, kuthandizira kudziwa ngati zinthuzo zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira kapena ngati zifukwa zina zathandizira kulephera.

Pomaliza, tolerances kwa ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu Zimaphatikiza zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe, kapangidwe kake, ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zamakina. Kulekerera uku kumapangidwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kuti machubu a titaniyamu akukwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba yofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale monga zakuthambo, kukonza mankhwala, implants zamankhwala, ndi mainjiniya apanyanja. Potsatira kulolerana uku, opanga amatha kupanga machubu okhazikika, apamwamba kwambiri a titaniyamu omwe amapereka ntchito yodalirika ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Mainjiniya ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omaliza ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino kulekerera uku kuti asankhe giredi yoyenera ndi zomwe azigwiritsa ntchito, kuwonetsetsa kuti machubu a titaniyamu akugwira ntchito bwino komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali.

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Zothandizira:

1. ASTM International. (2021). ASTM B338 - Mafotokozedwe Okhazikika a Machubu Osasunthika ndi Owotcherera Titanium ndi Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers.

2. Titanium Processing Center. (2022). Kufotokozera kwa ASTM B338 Titanium Tubing

3. TMS Titaniyamu. (2023). ASTM B338 Titanium chubu.

4. AZoM. (2021). Kufotokozera kwa ASTM B338 Titanium Alloy Tubes

5. Ma Aloyi Okulungidwa. (2022). Titanium Grade 2 (Ti-2, T40) Technical Data Sheet.

6. MatWeb. (2023). ASTM B338 Gulu 2 Titaniyamu.

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8. Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals, Inc. (2023). Titaniyamu Tubing.

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10. Zitsulo Zapadera zaku America. (2023). ASTM B338 Titanium Tubing.