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ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu ndi zigawo zogwira ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zinthu zawo zapadera. Machubu awa, omwe amagwirizana ndi ASTM B338, amadziwika chifukwa cha kukana kwa dzimbiri, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa kulemera, komanso kuyanjana kwachilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, amapeza ntchito m'magawo kuyambira pazamlengalenga ndi kukonza mankhwala kupita ku implants zamankhwala ndi kupanga magetsi. Tsamba ili labulogu lifufuza momwe machubu a ASTM B338 titaniyamu amagwirira ntchito ndikuwunika momwe amapangira, njira zopangira, ndi njira zotsimikizira.

Kodi machubu a ASTM B338 titaniyamu amakhudza bwanji katundu wawo?

The mankhwala zikuchokera ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakuzindikiritsa mawonekedwe awo ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito. Machubuwa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku titaniyamu (CP) kapena titaniyamu alloys, ndipo mulingo wake umakhudza momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito.

Makalasi a titaniyamu a CP, monga Giredi 1, 2, 3, ndi 4, amapangidwa makamaka ndi titaniyamu yokhala ndi zinthu zazing'ono zapakatikati monga mpweya, nayitrogeni, kaboni, ndi chitsulo. Pamene chiwerengero cha kalasi chikuwonjezeka, momwemonso mpweya wa okosijeni umachuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba koma zimachepetsedwa pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, giredi 2 titaniyamu, chisankho chodziwika bwino cha machubu a ASTM B338, chimapereka mphamvu komanso mawonekedwe abwino.

Chemical computing imakhudza mwachindunji zinthu zingapo zofunika:

1. Kulimbana ndi dzimbiri: Kukhoza kwachilengedwe kwa Titaniyamu kupanga wosanjikiza wokhazikika, woteteza wa oxide pamwamba pake ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimalepheretsa dzimbiri. Filimu ya okusayidiyi imasinthidwa mwachangu ngati yawonongeka, ndikuteteza mosalekeza kumadera akuwononga osiyanasiyana. Kuyera kwa titaniyamu ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu zopangira alloying kungakhudze kukhazikika ndi mphamvu ya wosanjikiza wa oxide uyu.

2. Mphamvu ndi Ductility: Zinthu zapakati, makamaka okosijeni ndi nayitrojeni, zimakhala ngati zolimbitsa mphamvu mu titaniyamu. Zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, mphamvu yazinthuyo imakula, koma pakuwononga ductility. Kugulitsa uku kumayendetsedwa bwino mu ASTM B338 machubu kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito.

3. Thermal Properties: Zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhudza kutentha kwa kutentha ndi coefficient of thermal expansion of titaniyamu machubu. Titaniyamu yoyera imakhala ndi matenthedwe otsika kwambiri, omwe amatha kukhala opindulitsa pazinthu zina pomwe kutentha kumafunika kuchepetsedwa.

4. Biocompatibility: Kuyera kwakukulu kwa CP titanium giredi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ASTM B338 machubu zimathandiza kuti biocompatibility yawo ikhale yabwino. Katunduyu ndi wofunikira pazachipatala, pomwe zinthuzo siziyenera kuyambitsa zovuta zikakhudza minofu yamunthu kapena madzi.

5. Weldability: Kapangidwe kake kamene kamakhudza kuwotcherera kwa machubu a titaniyamu. Makalasi a titaniyamu a CP nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kuwotcherera poyerekeza ndi ma aloyi ovuta kwambiri, kupangitsa machubu a ASTM B338 kukhala oyenera kupanga njira zowotcherera.

Kumvetsetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi zinthu zakuthupi kumalola mainjiniya ndi opanga kusankha koyenera kwambiri ASTM B338 titanium chubu kalasi kuti agwiritse ntchito mwapadera. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo ochita dzimbiri kwambiri, chiyero chapamwamba chikhoza kukhala chokondedwa chifukwa cha kusachita kwa dzimbiri kwapamwamba. Mosiyana ndi izi, mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu zambiri amatha kusankha giredi yokhala ndi okosijeni wochulukirapo pang'ono.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale mulingo wa ASTM B338 umatchula mitundu yamankhwala pamagiredi osiyanasiyana, opanga nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi cholinga chowongolera kuti awonetsetse kuti magwiridwe antchito amachitika pamagawo onse opanga. Chisamaliro ichi pakuwongolera kapangidwe kake ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakudalirika komanso kulosera za ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu m'mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana ofunikira.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ASTM B338 ndi miyezo ina ya titaniyamu chubu?

ASTM B338 ndi muyezo wodziwika bwino wa machubu opanda msoko komanso owotcherera a titaniyamu ndi titaniyamu aloyi machubu a condensers ndi osinthanitsa kutentha. Komabe, si machubu okhawo omwe amalamulira titaniyamu. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ASTM B338 ndi miyezo ina ya titaniyamu chubu ndikofunikira pakusankha zinthu zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera. Tiyeni tione kusiyana uku:

1. Kuchuluka ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito:

ASTM B338 idapangidwa makamaka kuti igwiritse ntchito condenser ndi heat exchanger. Kuyikira uku kumasiyanitsa ndi miyezo yokhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, ASTM B861 imakwirira chitoliro cha titaniyamu ndi titaniyamu wopanda msoko, pomwe ASTM B862 imayankhulira chitoliro cha titaniyamu. Kapangidwe kapadera ka B338 kumatanthawuza kuti machubu opangidwa motsatira muyezo uwu amakometsedwa kuti azitha kutengera kutentha, poganizira zinthu monga kutenthetsa kwamafuta komanso kukana kuwononga malo enaake omwe amapezeka m'malo osinthanitsa kutentha.

2. Maphunziro Ofunika:

ASTM B338 imakhala ndi magiredi angapo a titaniyamu (CP) (Giredi 1, 2, 3, 7, 11) ndi ma aloyi a titaniyamu (Giredi 9). Mosiyana ndi izi, miyezo ina imatha kuphimba mitundu yotakata kapena yosiyana ya titaniyamu ndi ma aloyi. Mwachitsanzo, ASTM B862 imaphatikizapo magiredi owonjezera a aloyi monga Gulu la 5 (Ti-6Al-4V), lomwe silinaphimbidwe ndi B338. Kusiyanaku kwa kuphimba zinthu kumawonetsa zosowa zenizeni za condenser ndi zosinthira kutentha poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina zamachubu a titaniyamu.

3. Zofunikira za Dimensional:

Ma dimensional specifications mu ASTM B338 amapangidwa molingana ndi zosowa za osinthanitsa kutentha ndi ma condensers. Mulingo uwu umapereka zofunikira mwatsatanetsatane za mainchesi akunja, makulidwe a khoma, ndi kutalika, zomwe zitha kusiyana ndi zomwe zili mumiyezo ina. Mwachitsanzo, zololera zomwe zafotokozedwa mu B338 zitha kukhala zolimba muzinthu zina kuti zitsimikizire kukwanira ndikuchita bwino pamakina osinthira kutentha.

4. Njira Yopangira:

Ngakhale ASTM B338 imakwirira machubu onse opanda msoko komanso owotcherera, imatsindika kwambiri njira yowotcherera yamachubu owotcherera, kuphatikiza zofunika pakuyesa komanso kuyesa. Miyezo ina ingakhale yosiyana; mwachitsanzo, ASTM B861 ndi ya mapaipi opanda msoko, omwe ali ndi zofunikira zake zopangira.

5. Chithandizo cha Kutentha:

Zofunikira zochizira kutentha mu ASTM B338 zidapangidwa kuti ziwongolere zinthu zakuthupi pazogwiritsa ntchito zosinthira kutentha. Izi zitha kukhala zosiyana ndi momwe amapangira kutentha mumiyezo ina, yomwe imatha kupangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mosiyanasiyana.

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya, opanga, ndi akatswiri ogula zinthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi machubu a titaniyamu. Ngakhale machubu a ASTM B338 amapambana pamagetsi osinthira kutentha, mwina sangakhale chisankho choyenera pa nkhani iliyonse yokhudzana ndi titaniyamu. Zomwe zimafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikiza malo ogwirira ntchito, kupsinjika kwamakina, ndi malingaliro owongolera, ziyenera kuwongolera kusankha pakati pa ASTM B338 ndi miyezo ina ya titaniyamu.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti ngakhale kuti miyezoyi imapereka dongosolo lazinthu zakuthupi, opanga nthawi zambiri amapanga machubu omwe amakwaniritsa kapena kupitilira izi. Kufunsana ndi ogulitsa zinthu komanso kusanthula bwino za uinjiniya ndi njira zofunika pakuwonetsetsa kuti machubu osankhidwa a titaniyamu, kaya akugwirizana ndi ASTM B338 kapena mulingo wina, ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi machubu a ASTM B338 titaniyamu amapangidwa ndikuyesedwa bwanji kuti atsimikizidwe bwino?

Njira zopangira ndi kutsimikizira zamtundu wa ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu ndizofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti akugwira ntchito komanso kudalirika pamapulogalamu ofunikira monga zosinthira kutentha ndi ma condensers. Njirazi zimaphatikizapo masitepe angapo, iliyonse imayendetsedwa mosamala ndikuwunikidwa kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za ASTM B338 standard. Tiyeni tifufuze njira yopangira zinthu ndi njira zotsimikizira zaubwino zomwe zikugwirizana nazo:

Njira Kupanga:

1. Kusankha Kwazinthu Zopangira:

Njirayi imayamba ndi kusankha mosamala zipangizo. Kwa machubu a ASTM B338, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi siponji yoyera kwambiri ya titaniyamu kapena ma ingots a giredi yoyenera (monga Giredi 1, 2, 3, 7, 11 ya CP titaniyamu, kapena Giredi 9 ya aloyi ya titaniyamu).

2. Kusungunuka ndi Kupanga Ingot:

Titaniyamu yaiwisi imasungunuka m'malo opanda mpweya kapena mpweya kuti zisawonongeke. Titaniyamu wosungunukayu amaponyedwa m'mabokosi. Pamakalasi a alloy, zinthu zophatikiza zimawonjezedwa ndendende panthawiyi.

3. Kupanga Koyamba:

Ingots imapanga njira zoyambira kupanga monga kufota kapena kugudubuza kuti apange ma billets kapena slabs. Izi zimathandizira kuphwanya kapangidwe kazinthu ndikuwongolera kufanana kwazinthu.

4. Kupanga Kwachiwiri:

Ma billets kapena ma slabs amasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe a chubu. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zazikulu:

• Seamless Tube Production: Imaphatikizapo njira monga kutulutsa kapena kuboola, kutsatiridwa ndi kubera kapena kujambula kuti mukwaniritse miyeso yomwe mukufuna.
• Welded Tube Production: Zingwe za titaniyamu zathyathyathya zimapangidwa kukhala mawonekedwe a tubular ndi kuwotcherera msoko, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas).

5. Chithandizo cha Kutentha:

Machubu opangidwa amalandila chithandizo cha kutentha kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za microstructure ndi makina. Izi zingaphatikizepo annealing kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwamkati ndikuwongolera ductility.

Kutsimikizira Ubwino ndi Kuyesa:

1. Chemical Composition Analysis:

Zitsanzo za gawo lililonse zimawunikidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za mankhwala zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASTM B338. Izi zimaphatikizapo njira monga spectrometry kapena X-ray fluorescence.

2. Kuyang'ana Kwambiri:

Machubu amayezedwa mosamala kuti atsimikizire kuti akugwirizana ndi zololera zakunja zakunja, makulidwe a khoma, ndi kutalika monga momwe zafotokozedwera.

3. Kuyesa Kwamakina:

Zitsanzo zimayesedwa pamakina osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Kuyesa kwamphamvu kuti mutsimikizire mphamvu ndi ma elongation
• Mayeso osalala kuti awone ngati ductility ndi weld kukhulupirika (kwa machubu owotcherera)
• Mayesero oyaka kapena flanging kuti awone mawonekedwe

4. Kuyesa kwa Hydrostatic kapena Pneumatic:

Ma chubu amayesedwa kuti atsimikizire kuti amatha kupirira zovuta zomwe zatchulidwazi popanda kutayikira kapena kulephera.

5. Mayeso Osawononga (NDT):

Njira zosiyanasiyana za NDT zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zingaphatikizepo:

• Akupanga kuyezetsa kuti azindikire zolakwika zamkati
• Kuyesa kwa Eddy pakadali pano kwa zolakwika zapamtunda ndi pafupi ndi pamwamba
• Kuwunika kwa X-ray, makamaka kuyesa mtundu wa weld mumachubu owotcherera

Njira yokhazikika yopangira komanso kuyezetsa kotsimikizika kotsimikizika kumatsimikizira izi ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu akwaniritse miyezo yapamwamba yofunikira pazolinga zomwe akufuna. Kusamalitsa kumeneku ndikofunikira, makamaka m'mafakitale monga kukonza mankhwala, kupanga magetsi, ndi zakuthambo, komwe kudalirika ndi magwiridwe antchito a machubuwa amatha kukhala ndi chitetezo komanso zovuta zachuma.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale ASTM B338 imapereka zofunikira zoyambira, opanga ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zolimba kwambiri zowongolera zamkati. Izi zitha kuphatikizira kuyezetsa pafupipafupi, kulolerana movutikira, kapena mayeso owonjezera kutengera zomwe makasitomala amafuna kapena zovuta zomwe amafunsira.

Kuphatikizika kwa njira zoyendetsedwa bwino zopangira ndi kuyezetsa kotsimikizika kotsimikizika kumabweretsa ASTM B338 titaniyamu machubu zomwe zimapereka kudalirika kwapadera, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kugwira ntchito pofunikira chosinthira kutentha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito condenser. Njira yolimba iyi yopangira ndi kuyesa ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakutengera komanso kukhulupiriridwa komwe kumayikidwa m'machubu a titaniyamu m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ovuta.

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Zothandizira:

1. ASTM International. (2021). Machubu Okhazikika a ASTM B338-21 a Machubu Osasinthika ndi Owotcherera Titanium ndi Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers. Malingaliro a kampani ASTM International.

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3. Boyer, R., Welsch, G., & Collings, EW (1994). Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. ASM International.

4. Donachie, MJ (2000). Titaniyamu: A Technical Guide (2nd ed.). ASM International.

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