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ASTM B861 titaniyamu machubu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa kulemera, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso kuyanjana kwachilengedwe. Kumvetsetsa mawonekedwe owotcherera a machubuwa ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya ndi opanga zinthu kuti awonetsetse kuti akulumikizana moyenera ndikusunga kukhulupirika kwa zida za titaniyamu. Cholemba chabuloguchi chifufuzanso za mawonekedwe awotcherera a ASTM B861 titanium chubu, ndikuwunika njira zabwino kwambiri, zovuta, ndi malingaliro kuti akwaniritse ma weld apamwamba kwambiri.

Njira zabwino zowotcherera zamachubu a ASTM B861 titaniyamu ndi ziti?

Zikafika pakuwotcherera machubu a ASTM B861 titaniyamu, njira zingapo zatsimikizira kuti ndizothandiza, iliyonse ili ndi zabwino zake ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti TIG welding, ndi Electron Beam Welding (EBW).

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) ndiye njira yomwe imakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri titaniyamu chubu kuwotcherera. Njira iyi imapereka kuwongolera kwabwino padziwe la weld, kulola ma welds olondola komanso oyera. GTAW ndiyoyenera makamaka machubu a titaniyamu okhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, chifukwa imachepetsa chiwopsezo cha kuwotcha ndi kupotoza. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito GTAW yamachubu a ASTM B861 titaniyamu, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi malo aukhondo komanso opanda mpweya kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa. Argon amangoona ntchito ngati mpweya kutchinga, ndi otaya mlingo wa 15-20 mapazi kiyubiki pa ola (CFH) ntchito zambiri.

Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino ndi GTAW, ma welder ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma tungsten oyera kapena 2% thoriated tungsten maelekitirodi, chifukwa amapereka kukhazikika kwa arc komanso moyo wautali. Kuwotchera kwapano kukuyenera kukhala DC electrode negative (DCEN), ndipo chishango chotsatira kapena gasi wochirikiza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mizu yowotcherera ndi malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kuti asatengeke ndi okosijeni.

Electron Beam Welding (EBW) ndi njira ina yomwe imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri ASTM B861 titaniyamu machubu, makamaka pazigawo zokhala ndi mipanda yokhuthala kapena pakafunika kulowa mozama. EBW imapanga ma welds ochepera, akuya okhala ndi kutentha kochepa, kuchepetsa kupotoza ndi kukula kwa malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Njirayi ndiyothandiza makamaka pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kulondola kwambiri komanso kubwerezabwereza.

Komabe, EBW imafuna zida zapadera komanso malo opanda mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisapezeke komanso zodula kuposa GTAW. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zam'mlengalenga ndi zida zamankhwala, pomwe phindu la ma welds olondola, apamwamba kwambiri amatsimikizira kukwera mtengo.

Mosasamala kanthu za njira yosankhidwa, kukonzekera bwino machubu a titaniyamu ndikofunikira. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyeretsa bwino kuti muchotse zonyansa, ma oxide, kapena mafuta kuchokera pamwamba. Burashi yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri yoperekedwa ku titaniyamu yokha iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupewa kubweretsa tinthu takunja. Kuonjezera apo, mapangidwe ophatikizana ayenera kuganiziridwa mosamala kuti atsimikizire kuti ali oyenera komanso olowa.

Kodi machubu a ASTM B861 titaniyamu amakhudza bwanji kuwotcherera kwawo?

Kapangidwe ka ASTM B861 titaniyamu machubu amatenga gawo lalikulu mu weldability awo. ASTM B861 imakwirira machubu a titaniyamu osasunthika ndi titaniyamu aloyi machubu oletsa dzimbiri komanso ntchito zosinthira kutentha. Mulingo umaphatikizapo magiredi angapo, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amakhudza mawonekedwe ake owotcherera.

Titaniyamu ya Giredi 1 ndi Grade 2, yomwe sigiredi osaphatikizidwa, ndiyosavuta kuwotcherera. Maphunzirowa ali ndi ductility ndi mawonekedwe abwino, kuwapangitsa kukhala okhululuka panthawi yowotcherera. Sakonda kukumba ndipo amatha kulekerera kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa magawo owotcherera popanda kukhudza kwambiri mtundu wa weld.

Gulu la 3 ndi Grade 4 titaniyamu, ngakhale kuti silinawonongeke, imakhala ndi mpweya wambiri, womwe umawonjezera mphamvu koma umachepetsa pang'ono ductility. Izi zitha kuwapangitsa kukhala ovutitsidwa ndi ebrittlement ngati njira zowotcherera zoyenera sizitsatiridwa. Owotcherera amayenera kusamala kwambiri kuyika kwa kutentha ndi kuzizira akamagwira ntchito ndi magirediwa.

Gulu la 5 titaniyamu (Ti-6Al-4V), imodzi mwazitsulo zodziwika bwino zophimbidwa ndi ASTM B861, imakhala ndi zovuta zina chifukwa cha ma alloying ake. Kukhalapo kwa aluminiyamu ndi vanadium kumawonjezera mphamvu ya alloy komanso kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta kwambiri pakuwotcherera. Titaniyamu ya Grade 5 imakonda kukula kwambewu m'dera lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, zomwe zingayambitse kuchepetsedwa kwa ductility ndi kulimba ngati sizikuyendetsedwa bwino.

Mukawotchera machubu a titaniyamu a Sitandade 5, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kutentha ndikugwiritsa ntchito liwiro lakuyenda kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Post-weld kutentha mankhwala kungakhale kofunikira kuti konza makina katundu wa welded olowa.

Ma aloyi a beta, monga Giredi 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V), ali ndi malingaliro awoawo. Ma alloys awa amatha kupatukana panthawi yolimba, zomwe zingayambitse kusiyanasiyana kwamakina pamawotchi. Kuwongolera mosamalitsa kulowetsedwa kwa kutentha ndi kuziziritsa ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zizikhala zofananira pacholumikizira cholumikizira.

Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka chubu cha ASTM B861 titanium titaniyamu chomwe chimawotchedwa ndikofunikira pakusankha magawo oyenera kuwotcherera, zitsulo zodzaza, ndi chithandizo cha pambuyo pa weld. Muzochitika zonse, kusunga malo oyera, osasunthika panthawi yowotcherera ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tipewe kuipitsidwa ndikuwonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa weld.

Ndi zovuta ziti zomwe zimachitika ndi mayankho pakuwotcherera machubu a ASTM B861 titanium?

Kutulutsa ASTM B861 titaniyamu machubu imapereka zovuta zingapo zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa kuti mukwaniritse zowotcherera zapamwamba komanso zodalirika. Kumvetsetsa zovutazi ndikukhazikitsa njira zoyenera ndikofunikira kuti titaniyamu chubu kuwotcherera bwino.

Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakuwotcherera machubu a titaniyamu ndikuyipitsidwa. Titaniyamu imagwira ntchito kwambiri pakatentha kwambiri ndipo imatha kuyamwa mpweya, nitrogen, ndi hydrogen kuchokera mumlengalenga. Kuipitsidwa kumeneku kungayambitse kuwonongeka, kuchepa kwa dzimbiri, ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina. Kuti athetse vutoli, owotcherera ayenera kupanga ndi kusunga malo ozungulira pafupi ndi malo owotcherera. Izi zimatheka pogwiritsira ntchito gasi woyeretsedwa kwambiri wa argon pofuna kuteteza, ndi maulendo othamanga osinthidwa kuti apereke kuphimba kwathunthu kwa dziwe la weld ndi madera ozungulira.

Kuphatikiza pa kutchingira gasi, ma welders amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zishango zam'mbuyo ndi gasi wothandizira kuteteza mizu yowotcherera ndi malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kuti asatengeke ndi okosijeni. Kwa ma geometri ovuta kapena ma welds amkati, makina apadera oyeretsera atha kukhala ofunikira kuti awonetsetse kuti gasi watsekedwa kwathunthu. Ndikofunikiranso kuyeretsa bwino titaniyamu musanayambe kuwotcherera, kuchotsa ma oxides, mafuta, kapena zoipitsidwa zomwe zingasokoneze mtundu wa weld.

Vuto lina lalikulu ndikuwongolera kulowetsedwa kwa kutentha ndikuletsa kupotoza, makamaka m'machubu opyapyala a titaniyamu. Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kukula kwa mbewu, kuchepetsa mphamvu zamakina, ndi kupotoza kwa chubu. Kuti achepetse vutoli, ma welder ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowotcherera zomwe zimalola kuti kutentha kuzitha kuwongolera bwino. Kuyika bwino ndi kutseka kwa machubu panthawi yowotcherera kungathandizenso kuchepetsa kupotoza.

Owotcherera ayeneranso kusamala za kuthekera kwa arc kuyendayenda powotcherera machubu a titaniyamu. Kutsika kwamagetsi kwa titaniyamu kumatha kupangitsa kuti arc ikhale yosakhazikika komanso kuyendayenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asalowemo komanso kuti weld akhale wabwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito nsonga yakuthwa ya ma elekitirodi, kukhala ndi utali waufupi wa arc, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma arc othamanga kwambiri kungathandize kukhazikika kwa arc ndikuwongolera kusinthasintha kwa weld.

Porosity ndi nkhani ina yodziwika mu titanium welds, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayamba chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kapena kutetezedwa kosayenera kwa gasi. Pofuna kupewa porosity, ma welders ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti gasi ikuyenda bwino, agwiritse ntchito mpweya woteteza kwambiri, ndi kusunga malo owotcherera aukhondo. Nthawi zina, kugwiritsa ntchito kapu yokulirapo pang'ono ya gasi kapena magalasi opangira gasi amatha kuteteza kutetezedwa kwa mpweya ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha porosity.

Mukawotcherera magiredi ofananira a titaniyamu kapena kujowina titaniyamu kuzitsulo zina, zovuta zina zimayamba chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamafuta amafuta komanso kupangika kwa ma brittle intermetallic compounds. Pazifukwa izi, kusankha mosamala zitsulo zodzaza ndi zowotcherera ndikofunikira. Zolumikizira zosinthira kapena zigawo zapakatikati zitha kukhala zofunikira pakuphatikiza titaniyamu kuzitsulo zina.

Kuyang'anira ndi kuyezetsa pambuyo pa weld ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire mtundu ndi kukhulupirika kwa ma welds a titaniyamu. Kuyang'ana kowoneka kumatha kuzindikira zolakwika zapamtunda, pomwe kuyesa kwa radiographic kapena akupanga kumatha kuwulula zolakwika zamkati. Pazogwiritsa ntchito zovuta, kuyezetsa kwamakina ndi kuyesa kwazitsulo kungakhale kofunikira kuti mutsimikizire zomwe weld ali nazo komanso mawonekedwe ake.

Pomaliza, kuwotcherera ASTM B861 titaniyamu machubu kumafuna kumvetsetsa bwino za zinthu zakuthupi, kukonzekera bwino, ndi kuwongolera bwino njira yowotcherera. Pothana ndi mavuto omwe anthu ambiri amakumana nawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera, zida, ndi njira, owotcherera amatha kupeza ma welds apamwamba kwambiri, odalirika omwe amasunga zinthu zapadera zamachubu a titaniyamu. Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo komanso njira zatsopano zowotcherera zikuwonekera, kuthekera kowotcherera machubu a titaniyamu moyenera komanso moyenera kupitilirabe, kukulitsa mwayi woti azigwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

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Zothandizira:

1. American Society for Testing and Materials. (2019). Mafotokozedwe Okhazikika a ASTM B861-19 a Titanium ndi Titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe.

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