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ASTM B338 ndi muyezo wofunikira womwe umapereka mwatsatanetsatane machubu a titaniyamu, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga zakuthambo, zamagalimoto, ndi kukonza mankhwala. Mulingo uwu umatsimikizira mtundu, magwiridwe antchito, ndi chitetezo cha machubu a titaniyamu, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira kwa opanga, mainjiniya, ndi opanga omwe amagwira ntchito ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyanazi.

Kodi Zofunikira Zotani Pamachubu a Titanium Malinga ndi ASTM B338?

ASTM B338 imafotokoza zofunikira zenizeni zamachubu a titaniyamu, kuphatikiza makulidwe akunja, makulidwe a khoma, ndi kutalika. Magawo awa ndi ofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti machubu a titaniyamu ali oyenera komanso ophatikizidwa pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Muyezowu umapereka chitsogozo pa kulolera kovomerezeka kwa gawo lililonse, kulola opanga kupanga machubu omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira za makasitomala awo.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASTM B338 ndi kukula kwa machubu a titaniyamu. Muyezo umakhazikitsa ma diameter akunja ovomerezeka, kuyambira mamilimita angapo mpaka mainchesi angapo, kutengera ntchito yake. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti machubu amatha kuphatikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi machitidwe ndi zipangizo zomwe zilipo kale, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kusinthidwa kwamtengo wapatali kapena kupanga mwambo.

Mbali ina yofunika yomwe yafotokozedwa ndi ASTM B338 ndi makulidwe a khoma la machubu a titaniyamu. Muyezowu umanena za makulidwe ocheperako komanso apamwamba kwambiri a khoma, poganizira zovuta ndi zolemetsa zomwe machubu adzaperekedwa pa nthawi yautumiki wawo. Izi zimathandiza kuonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa machubu ndikupewa kulephera msanga kapena kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito.

Kutalika kwa machubu a titaniyamu ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri choyankhidwa ndi ASTM B338. Muyezowu umapereka malangizo pautali wovomerezeka, kulola opanga kupanga machubu omwe amatha kugwidwa, kunyamulidwa, ndi kuyika mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mulingowo ungaphatikizepo makonzedwe odulidwa-mpaka-utali kapena njira zazitali zazitali, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ponseponse, zofunikira zazikuluzikulu zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASTM B338 zidapangidwa kuti zitsimikizire kusinthasintha, kugwirizana, ndi kudalirika kwa machubu a titaniyamu m'mafakitale ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Potsatira mfundozi, opanga amatha kupanga machubu omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zolimba komanso chitetezo cha makasitomala awo, potsirizira pake amathandizira kuti titaniyamu ikhale yopambana komanso yogwira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Kodi ASTM B338 Imatsimikizira Bwanji Ma Mechanical Properties a Titanium Tubes?

Makina amakina ndi ofunikira akafika pakuchita komanso kudalirika kwa machubu a titaniyamu. ASTM B338 imakhazikitsa dongosolo lathunthu lowonetsetsa kuti machubu a titaniyamu amakwaniritsa kapena kupitilira zomwe amafunikira pamakina omwe akufuna.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zamakina zomwe ASTM B338 imayankhidwa ndi kulimba kwamachubu a titaniyamu. Muyezowu umatchula mphamvu zochepa zomwe machubu ayenera kukhala nawo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala 345 mpaka 930 MPa (50,000 mpaka 135,000 psi), kutengera mtundu wa titaniyamu womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zimawonetsetsa kuti machubu amatha kupirira zovuta ndi zolemetsa zomwe angakumane nazo pa moyo wawo wautumiki popanda kulephera msanga kapena kupunduka.

Kuwonjezera pa mphamvu yamagetsi, ASTM B338 imakhudzanso mphamvu zokolola za titaniyamu machubu. Mphamvu zokolola ndi muyeso wa kupsinjika komwe zinthu zimayamba kufooketsa pulasitiki, ndipo ndikofunikira kuganizira pakugwiritsa ntchito pomwe machubu amayenera kukhalabe okhazikika pamapangidwe awo. Muyezowu umapereka zofunikira zenizeni za mphamvu zokolola zochepa, zomwe zimatha kuyambira 275 mpaka 860 MPa (40,000 mpaka 125,000 psi) kutengera kalasi ya titaniyamu.

Katundu wina wofunikira wamakina wophimbidwa ndi ASTM B338 ndikutalikira kwa machubu a titaniyamu. Elongation ndi muyeso wa ductility wa zinthu, ndipo ndikofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe machubu angafunikire kupirira kupindika, kupanga, kapena kupunduka kwina pakuyika kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Muyezo umatchula zofunikira zochepa za elongation, zomwe zimatha kusiyana ndi 10% mpaka 20% kutengera kukula kwa chubu ndi zofunikira za ntchito.

ASTM B338 imaphatikizansopo malangizo a kuuma kwa machubu a titaniyamu, omwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pozindikira kukana kwazinthu kuti zisavale, kuphulika, ndi kulowa mkati. Muyezowu umapereka milingo yolimba yomwe ili yamagulu osiyanasiyana a titaniyamu, kuwonetsetsa kuti machubu amatha kupirira zomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kuti atsimikizire mawonekedwe a makina a titaniyamu machubu, ASTM B338 imafuna kuti opanga aziyesa mozama ndikuwunika. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyesa kwamphamvu, kuyesa kuuma, ndi njira zina zowunikira zosawononga kuti zitsimikizire kuti machubu akukwaniritsa zomwe zanenedwa. Potsatira mfundozi, opanga amatha kupanga machubu a titaniyamu omwe ali odalirika, olimba, komanso oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.

Kodi Zofunika Zakupangidwa Kwa Chemical Zomwe ASTM B338 Imatanthauzira Pamachubu a Titanium?

Kapangidwe kake ka machubu a titaniyamu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe amagwirira ntchito, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso kukwanira kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana. ASTM B338 imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zofunika pakupanga mankhwala a titaniyamu machubu, kuwonetsetsa kuti opanga akupanga zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yokhazikika yamakampani.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe ASTM B338 imayankhulira ndi zomwe zili ndi titaniyamu. Muyezowu umanena kuti machubu a titaniyamu ayenera kukhala ndi titaniyamu yoyera yochepera 99.0%, ndipo zotsalazo zimakhala ndi zinthu zina zophatikiza. Kufunika koyera kumeneku kumawonetsetsa kuti machubu ali ndi zinthu zomwe amafunikira pamakina, zakuthupi, komanso zosagwira dzimbiri zomwe zimapangitsa titaniyamu kukhala chinthu chokondedwa m'mafakitale ambiri.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zili mu titaniyamu, ASTM B338 imatchulanso malire ovomerezeka azinthu zosiyanasiyana zonyansa ndi ma alloying. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga chitsulo, mpweya, nayitrogeni, carbon, ndi haidrojeni, pakati pa ena. Muyezowu umakhazikitsa malire okhwima a zinthu izi, kuwonetsetsa kuti machubu a titaniyamu alibe zowononga zomwe zingasokoneze ntchito yawo kapena moyo wawo wonse.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe ASTM B338 imayankhira ndi aluminiyamu. Aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ku titaniyamu kuti awonjezere mphamvu zake, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kwambiri. Muyezowu umatchula za aluminiyamu yokwanira komanso yocheperako, kuyambira 5.5% mpaka 6.5% pamagulu ena a machubu a titaniyamu.

Chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri cha alloying ndi vanadium, yomwe imawonjezeredwa ku titaniyamu kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yokana kutentha. ASTM B338 imapereka chitsogozo pazambiri za vanadium, kuwonetsetsa kuti machubu a titaniyamu ali ndi makina ofunikira pazomwe akufuna.

Kuti atsimikizire kusasinthika ndi mtundu wa machubu a titaniyamu, ASTM B338 imafuna kuti opanga azifufuza mozama komanso kuyesa mankhwala. Izi zingaphatikizepo njira monga optical emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, kapena inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry kutsimikizira kapangidwe kake ka machubu.

Potsatira zofunikira za mankhwala zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASTM B338, opanga amatha kupanga machubu a titaniyamu omwe ali odalirika, okhazikika, komanso oyenerera ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kumlengalenga ndi magalimoto kupita ku mankhwala opangira mankhwala ndi zipangizo zamankhwala.

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Zothandizira:

1. ASTM International. (2023). ASTM B338-23: Mafotokozedwe Okhazikika a Machubu Osasunthika ndi Owotcherera Titanium ndi Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers. Malingaliro a kampani ASTM International.

2. ASM International. (2022). ASM Handbook, Voliyumu 2: Katundu ndi Kusankhira: Ma Alloys Nonferrous ndi Zida Zazifukwa Zapadera. ASM International.

3. Boyer, RR, & Collings, EW (1994). Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. ASM International.

4. Donachie, MJ (2000). Titaniyamu: A Technical Guide (2nd ed.). ASM International.

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